For much of its history, lower Old Town was not just physically but functionally separate from Toompea (upper Old Town).

Its purpose largely involved facilitating commercial activity, particularly once it became a member of the vaunted Hanseatic League late in the 13th century. Goods imported from around the world made their way from the nearby harbor to markets in lower Old Town.

An enduring historical feature is the sophisticated mix of defensive fortifications protecting it from attack. These include a moat, earthen ramparts & bastions and defensive wall surrounding the entire city replete with multiple towers.

Surprisingly, these are – to a large extent – still visible today. For this reason, Tallinn’s Old Town district is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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